A healthy heart is essential for a healthy life, acting as the engine of our circulatory system. This vital organ pumps blood throughout our body, delivering the oxygen and nutrients we need while removing waste. It also helps maintain healthy blood pressure and keeps our body functioning smoothly. Unfortunately, many people face heart and blood vessel issues, known as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which can be treated through various surgeries depending on the specific condition.

Cardiac surgery, also known as heart surgery, involves procedures on the heart or its associated blood vessels. These surgeries become necessary for individuals dealing with heart disease, heart attacks, strokes, blood clots, or those at high risk of developing these conditions. The type of surgery can range from minor procedures like implanting a pacemaker to major open-heart surgeries like bypass grafts. The types of operations vary greatly. Millions of people undergo cardiac surgery each year. However, many patients have misconceptions surrounding these critical procedures which often leads to unnecessary worry and hesitation in patients. It's important to understand the facts and clear up these misconceptions to make informed decisions about our heart health and treatment options.

Myth 1: Cardiac surgery can cause a stroke or affect brain function.

Fact: While there is a potential risk of neurological complications following cardiac surgery, advancements in surgical techniques, intraoperative monitoring, and postoperative care have significantly reduced this risk. Surgeons take meticulous precautions to minimize the possibility of stroke or cognitive impairment. The benefits of addressing severe cardiac conditions often outweigh this potential risk.

Myth 2: Cardiac surgery is only for elderly people.

Fact: Cardiac surgery is performed on individuals of all ages, including infants, children, and young adults. While the incidence of certain cardiac conditions may increase with age, surgical intervention is determined by the specific diagnosis and the patient's overall health status, not solely by age.

Myth 3: You can’t lead a normal life after heart surgery.

Fact: For most patients, cardiac surgery aims to improve their quality of life and enable them to return to their normal activities. Following a period of rehabilitation and adherence to medical advice, most individuals experience significant symptom relief and can resume their usual routines, often with increased energy levels and improved functional capacity.

Myth 4: Cardiac surgery is the last resort.

Fact: While cardiac surgery is often considered for significant heart conditions, it is not always the absolute last option. The decision to proceed with surgery depends on various factors, including the specific diagnosis, the severity of the condition, the patient's overall health, and the potential benefits versus risks compared to other treatment modalities, such as medical management or interventional procedures.

Myth 5: Cardiac surgery is mostly fatal.

Fact: Modern cardiac surgery has become increasingly safe, with survival rates improving significantly over the years due to advancements in surgical techniques, anesthesia, and postoperative care. The risk of mortality varies depending on the complexity of the procedure, the patient's pre-existing conditions, and other individual factors. However, for many serious cardiac conditions, surgery offers a substantial chance of survival and improved long-term outcomes.

Myth 6: Angioplasty is safer than bypass surgery.

Fact: The perceived safety of angioplasty versus bypass surgery depends on the specific cardiac condition, the extent and location of coronary artery disease, and other patient-related factors. While angioplasty is less invasive, bypass surgery may be the more appropriate and effective treatment for certain complex cases of coronary artery disease. The optimal approach is determined by a comprehensive evaluation and discussion with a cardiologist and cardiac surgeon.

Conclusion

Cardiac surgeries are known to be a complex procedure and are associated with their own set of risks and challenges. However, it is critical to manage cardiovascular conditions through surgeries.  Misconceptions surrounding these procedures can pose a significant threat to cardiac health by deterring individuals from seeking timely and necessary treatment. Understanding the realities of cardiac surgery is crucial for enabling individuals to make confident and informed choices about their heart care. By dispelling these myths, patients can approach treatment options with greater clarity and confidence, ultimately leading to improved outcomes and an enhanced quality of life.

Authored by Dr. Harish Vaja, Cardiothoracic & Vascular Surgeon, HCG Hospitals, Rajkot

On World Malaria Day, April 25, 2025, India renews its fight against mosquito-borne diseases like malaria, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. The diseases are still a cause of concern for public health, with more than 1.7 million cases of malaria reported in 2022, WHO figures reveal. Being these in rural and slum urban areas, they are a serious public health risk. In this backdrop, here is an in-practice guide specific to India's varied situations to keep the people safe and updated.

Understanding the Threat

Mosquitoes are the main vectors responsible for the majority of life-threatening diseases. Anopheles transmits malaria, dengue, and Zika is transmitted by Aedes, and Culex transmits other viral diseases. These mosquitoes thrive in India's climate, particularly in the monsoon. Stagnant water, poor sanitation, and sudden urbanization create perfect breeding sites. Symptoms include fever and joint pains to major complications like organ failure. High-risk populations are children, pregnant women, people living in tribal regions, and slum residents in cities.

Personal Protection

Prevention begins at the personal level. Use of mosquito repellents with DEET, picaridin, or natural oils such as citronella at dawn and dusk is effective, though babies under two months should not use chemical-based repellents. Use of long-sleeved, light-colored clothes and making sure children's uniforms are full-sleeved during monsoons is also useful. Sleeping under bed nets treated with insecticides, particularly those donated by the government, is one of the safest means of prevention. Moreover, putting mesh screens on windows of both rural and urban houses will help minimize mosquitoes entering the household.

Environmental Management

Eliminating breeding grounds is essential. Citizens are urged to drain containers such as flowerpots and tires that hold water regularly. Building sites, especially in urban areas such as Ahmedabad, Baroda, Rajkot, and Surat, need to be checked regularly. Clean-up drives conducted by the community, like the ones observed in Odisha, have been successful in eliminating mosquitoes. Wherever standing water cannot be avoided, NVBDCP-approved larvicides should be used.

Leveraging Technology

Current solutions are assuming a growing significance. Maharashtra has tested drone-based surveillance to identify breeding places in inaccessible regions. The NVBDCP's "India Against Mosquitoes" mobile application offers users real-time advice and notifications. Wearable repellents such as bands and patches are gaining traction in urban areas. In addition, Tamil Nadu is investigating genetic solutions by releasing genetically modified Aedes mosquitoes to suppress disease spread.

Community and Policy Actions

Public outreach and policy support are essential. Anganwadis and schools must organize awareness workshops in local and tribal languages, followed by radio announcements and street plays. Free malaria testing and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) at primary health centers are crucial for timely treatment. Funding programs like indoor residual spraying and distribution of ITNs under the NVBDCP's "Malaria Elimination by 2030" program is important. Strengthening health at the grassroots level through better-trained ASHA workers also needs long-term investment.

Protecting the Vulnerable

Some groups must be given extra care. Pregnant women need to use ITNs and are given IPTp to prevent complications. Tribal areas such as Dang in Gujarat require mobile vans and telemedicine, as those areas contribute almost 80% of the cases in the state. Slum areas in the cities require heightened fogging and larvicide operations because they are densely populated.

Call to Action

This World Malaria Day, each one of us has a role to play. Whether one applies repellent, sleeps with a mosquito net, or joins a community clean-up drive, every little bit helps. Together, through individual action, community effort, and policy action, we can make our way towards an India free from malaria by 2030.

Authored By -  Dr.  Yogesh Gupta, MD Internal medicine, Head of Geriatrics, Sterling Hospital, Ahmedabad.

Kerala’s public health system stands as a shining example of excellence in India, setting a national benchmark through its innovative practices, inclusive policies, and commitment to healthcare equity.

Crisis Management Excellence

Kerala has consistently demonstrated its strength in managing public health emergencies. The state’s swift containment of outbreaks such as Nipah and Zika has been made possible by its highly trained medical teams and robust disease surveillance systems. A notable example is its remarkable performance during the national 100-day Tuberculosis (TB) Elimination Campaign held from December 7, 2024, to March 7, 2025. Kerala was recognized as the top-performing state, receiving a national award and a certificate of appreciation from the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The state screened 87,330 individuals, with 82% undergoing advanced molecular diagnostics like CB-NAAT and TrueNat, enabling the early detection and treatment of 5,588 TB cases. This intensified effort reflects Kerala’s ability to scale up responses quickly and efficiently when the situation demands.

Preventive Health and Community Outreach

Kerala’s approach goes beyond reactive measures—it actively focuses on prevention. During the TB campaign, the state mapped over 8.16 million high-risk individuals and conducted detailed testing for nearly 2 lakh symptomatic cases. It also increased the preventive TB examination rate from 1,500 to 2,201 per 100,000 population, underscoring the impact of strong public awareness campaigns. These efforts align with broader strategies under the Aardram Mission, which aims to transform primary health centres into family health centres, strengthening preventive and community-based care across the state.

Strategic Healthcare Investment

Reinforcing its long-term commitment to public health, Kerala’s 2025–26 budget allocates ₹10,431.73 crore to the health sector, including ₹2,915.49 crore for medical and public health—a ₹97.96 crore increase from the previous year. Over the past two and a half years, more than ₹6,788 crore in free medical care has benefited over 25 lakh people through initiatives like the Karunya Aarogya Suraksha Padhathi (KASP). Looking ahead, the state is investing ₹50 crore to promote wellness and health tourism, along with major allocations for strengthening infrastructure: ₹80 crore for ambulance operations, ₹45 crore for cath labs, ₹13.98 crore for complete dialysis coverage, and ₹152.5 crore for cancer treatment. The state has also prioritized manpower development by expanding nursing education and supporting national health programs such as the NHM and PM-ABHIM.

A Model for Public Health Success

Kerala’s healthcare success is deeply rooted in real-time data monitoring, community engagement, and forward-thinking governance. With high life expectancy, low maternal and infant mortality rates, and a strong public health network, the state has created a sustainable and inclusive healthcare ecosystem. Its holistic model continues to inspire other regions in India, proving that with the right mix of vision, policy, and execution, quality healthcare for all is not just aspirational—it’s achievable.

Public health in India remains widely misunderstood, even among the educated. In my experience, many outside the healthcare field have little knowledge of how the system functions. If awareness is lacking among the educated, how can we expect the uneducated to be well-informed? This gap leads to delays in seeking care and inefficiencies in public health programs. While urban areas have improved, rural communities still struggle with cultural beliefs, mistrust in modern medicine, and a lack of structured health education, widening healthcare disparities.

India has historically hesitated in embracing modern healthcare, but awareness programs have gradually changed this. The National Malaria Eradication Program, Expanded Program on Immunization, and Pulse Polio Program all faced scepticism but succeeded through trust-building and outreach. These efforts highlight a crucial lesson—acceptability is just as important as accessibility in healthcare interventions.

While infrastructure gaps and workforce shortages hinder healthcare, I believe an overlooked challenge is acceptability. Dr. Raj Shankar, in his podcast Badlav for Better, described public health as a “SAD” system—Supply, Access, and Demand. Yet, even when all three are addressed, reluctance driven by fear and misconceptions still blocks progress. There is much evidence of how distrust hinders public health efforts, making community engagement essential.

Programs like Dastak Abhiyan and Mission Indradhanush have shown that shifting perceptions is key to success. As India battles rising non-communicable diseases, ensuring the acceptability of preventive healthcare will be as vital as improving access. Public health isn’t just about hospitals or healthcare workers—it’s about changing mindsets, breaking misconceptions, and building trust. If acceptability isn’t addressed, we risk a system where care exists but isn’t effectively used. By bridging the awareness gap, we can create a healthcare system that is not only accessible but truly embraced.

Mental health is no longer a secondary issue—it is a growing public health emergency. Conditions like anxiety, depression, and substance abuse are rising, yet India’s fragile mental health infrastructure struggles to keep pace. Financial instability, isolation, and societal pressures have fuelled unprecedented stress levels, making this crisis an imminent risk.

With a population of over 1.4 billion, India is deeply affected. The National Mental Health Survey reports that 14% of the population suffers from mental health issues, yet less than a third receive care. Vulnerable groups, including migrant workers and marginalized communities, face additional barriers of stigma and exclusion. As per many studies, nearly 40% of Indian youth show signs of anxiety and depression, exacerbated by uncertainty and social pressures.

A major challenge is that many individuals don’t recognize that they need help or fear social stigma. Families often misunderstand the severity of mental health conditions, and even when they do, the high cost of therapy and medication remains a significant barrier. Despite the Mental Healthcare Act (2017) recognizing mental health as a fundamental right, the gap between policy and implementation leaves millions without essential care. The misconception that mental healthcare is a privilege for the wealthy further isolates those in need.

While anxiety and depression receive increasing attention, severe conditions like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder remain poorly understood. Bipolar disorder, with its extreme mood swings, carries a high suicide risk, yet awareness remains low. Families face emotional and financial burdens, often avoiding discussions due to stigma. I believe early intervention is the key, as evidence suggests a genetic component in these disorders.

India’s mental healthcare system needs urgent strengthening. More professionals, affordable services, and integration into primary healthcare are critical—especially in rural areas. Expanding telehealth services like MANAS, incorporating mental health screenings in routine check-ups, and training community health workers can improve accessibility. Public campaigns must normalize mental healthcare, and schools, workplaces, and community centres should foster mental health literacy.

The time to act is now. Without immediate intervention, the consequences will be harmful. Governments, healthcare providers, and communities must work together to make mental healthcare accessible, affordable, and a priority. Addressing this crisis is an investment in societal well-being and future generations.

In a world battling pandemics, antimicrobial resistance, and the rising burden of non-communicable diseases, global cooperation is more critical than ever. The recent decision of United States to withdraw from the World Health Organization (WHO) raises deep concerns, jeopardizing global health security and threatening crucial programs, especially in countries like India, where WHO-backed initiatives are vital for disease control, vaccination, and maternal and child health.

As we look at India’s healthcare system, WHO has been instrumental in providing funding, technical expertise, and global best practices. With the U.S. historically funding 18% of WHO’s budget, its exit creates a massive financial gap, compromising essential health programs worldwide. Experts like Dr. K. Srinath Reddy and former Union Health Secretary CK Mishra warn of severe setbacks in vaccine development and disease control. India's tuberculosis (TB) burden which is 26% of the global total relies heavily on WHO support for the DOTS strategy and multi-drug-resistant TB management. A funding cut could slow research, restrict access to medicines, and undo hard-won progress. Similarly, WHO’s role in India’s immunization efforts, including the introduction of the HPV vaccine for cervical cancer, could face delays, leaving millions vulnerable.

Beyond infectious diseases, WHO has been instrumental in combating non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes and heart disease through tobacco control, hypertension screening, and mental health awareness. Reduced funding could exacerbate these growing health threats. WHO’s emergency response capacity is critical in handling disease outbreaks and natural disasters—would also be severely weakened.

I am not alone in my concerns, Global health leaders, including Dr. Tom Frieden (President and CEO of Resolve to Save Lives), warn that this move weakens global pandemic preparedness and diminishes the U.S.'s influence on health policy. Partners In Health (PIH) has also raised alarms, highlighting the threat to millions of lives worldwide. WHO has already stated that $1.5 billion is urgently needed in 2025 to address 42 ongoing health emergencies. Without U.S. funding, other donors, many of whom are already stretched thin, will be burdened.

History proves the power of global health cooperation; the eradication of smallpox was achieved through U.S.-Soviet collaboration under WHO’s leadership. Walking away now threatens to dismantle this foundation. As India navigates an evolving health landscape, strengthening domestic funding, forging new collaborations, and ensuring WHO remains a strong technical ally are critical. The U.S. withdrawal is a stark reminder of the fragility of global health partnerships. The world cannot afford to weaken WHO as protecting public health must remain a global priority.